The CourthouseDirect.com Blog

What are the Features of a Title Plant?

A title plant, also called an abstract plant, is an extensive database containing all the information needed to make decisions about title insurance and property purchases. Title plants reduce the cost of title insurance by mitigating risk ...
READ MORE

What You Need to Know About Texas Public Records

Before you start your Texas public records search, you might like a better idea of what you’re looking at. Public records cover a vast array of documentation that helps everyone track the essential things in life.
READ MORE

How to Eliminate Issues Locating Child Support Liens

In the state of Texas, as in many others, payment of child support can be enforced by placing a lien against the debtor’s property. While non-payment may be willful, there is also the possibility the debtor cannot afford the payments. In ...
READ MORE

Locating Hospital Liens: How to Handle the Most Common Issues

Surprise billing and out of network providers have caused patients to be saddled with hospital liens. Whether it’s due to emergency care or a hospital stay, medical costs are sky-high. It’s no wonder many people are unable to pay. Then, in ...
READ MORE

The Most Common Issues in Locating Federal Tax Liens

How has COVID-19 affected your business? If providing services for federal tax liens, you need a way to quickly and efficiently identify and purchase documents. However, finding those liens by searching countless databases and websites ...
READ MORE

A Targeted Approach to Accessing State Tax Liens

LiensDirectTM is a new service from CourthouseDirect.com designed to save you time and money so you focus on your practice and not on data collection and entry. When your team searches county records for state tax liens, how many hours a ...
READ MORE

An Easier Way to Access New Child Support Liens

LiensDirectTM is the newest solution from CourthouseDirect.com for finding child support liens. We looked at all the time and money legal firms waste while attempting to fulfill lead quotas and stay on budget. Using our extensive databases ...
READ MORE

How to Automate Your Search for Federal Tax Liens

Finding federal tax liens can be difficult and take up valuable time. You lose billable hours and may not unearth anything of value.
READ MORE

A Fresh, New Approach to Accessing Hospital Liens

LiensDirectTM is the newest service from CourthouseDirect.com. And it can help you identify the hospital liens you are looking for without the need to buy an entire document library. You can search only so many county record systems in a ...
READ MORE

What is a Mechanic's Lien?

Depending on your point of view, a mechanic’s lien is the best thing since sliced bread or a pain in the neck. For contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers, a mechanic’s lien is a lifeline to compelling payment. For property owners, a ...
READ MORE

What You Need to Know About State Tax Liens in Texas

In Texas, if you don’t pay your property tax or other taxes, you may be hit with a state tax lien. Unlike a federal lien that plays by the same rules across the country, a state tax lien differs in how it’s handled from state to state. ...
READ MORE

Understanding Child Support Liens in Texas

The Texas Family Code regulates everything to do with child support within the state, including enforcing child support payments. One of the enforcement tools the Office of Attorney General has to compel payment is the ability to place a ...
READ MORE

How to Locate Adverse Tax Liens Online

Whether you are a real estate investor or simply looking for a new home, an adverse lien can bring things to a screeching halt. One of the first steps of your due diligence is finding out if the property you are interested in purchasing ...
READ MORE

5 Property Search Pointers

Searching for a property, whether it's commercial or residential, can be exciting. There is a lot to learn and so much to see that it can be overwhelming to first-timers. Even those experienced in property transactions can find themselves ...
READ MORE

What You Need to Know About Mineral Appraisals

When you own land in Texas, your “estate,” or property you own, is split into two - you have the surface estate and a mineral estate. Within municipalities, the local government typically owns the mineral estate, but out in the wide-open ...
READ MORE

Platting Laws in Texas: 101

Texas has a long history of respect for private property rights. It provides owners of residential and commercial property the tools needed to be prosperous and safe. The guarantee of personal property rights is provided by a complex yet ...
READ MORE

What Does A County Clerk Do?

Would you like to be the County Clerk? You really, really need to love paperwork, documentation, and taking notes. And that’s just to start. Most people don’t know what goes on at the County Clerk’s office. It’s much more involved than you ...
READ MORE

How to Find a Lienholder on a Property

Property liens aren't uncommon, but they are a bit of a hassle. A lien can block the sale of a piece of property. Learning who holds that lien is the first step in getting it settled. Lienholders can be any entity from a construction ...
READ MORE

What Is a Lienholder, and What Are Their Rights?

Any property against which a debt is owed may have a lien placed against it. The party that has a legal claim to the debt is the lien holder. Most adults in the U.S. have purchased property, such as a home or car, by borrowing money from a ...
READ MORE

What Do Affidavits of Occupancy Do?

An affidavit of occupancy is one of the many documents you see during a real estate closing. Most people don’t realize its significance or the implications for future financial or criminal penalties. In particular, independent or small ...
READ MORE

What is Document Storage & Retrieval?

Today, the world generates exponentially more information. Fortunately, most of it is stored electronically in a data management system of one sort or another. Searching is done online, and retrieval means opening a document on your ...
READ MORE

How Can You Get an Easement in Texas?

Easements come in many forms and often are created by a municipality. But what if you need to get an easement? How does that work? Maybe your neighbor needs to share part of your driveway, or you want to provide a common path to a pond ...
READ MORE

What Documents Do I Need to Sell My House?

So, you’re getting ready to sell your house. Exciting! Now, you’re probably asking yourself, “What documents do I need to sell my house?” We’re so glad you asked. Keep reading to find out all the paperwork (some of it might be available ...
READ MORE

How to Avoid and Resolve a Federal Tax Lien

Do you have a tax lien on a piece of property you own? Tax liens are no fun, but they aren’t as hard to resolve as you might think. Here’s how it’s done.
READ MORE

The 5 Most Common Types of Federal Tax Liens

A lien is a legal claim that a creditor makes against a debtor’s property to force past-due payment of a debt. Liens are public documents that tell all other creditors that the lien-placing creditor is first in line for the money if the ...
READ MORE

What Is a Hospital Lien?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 05/27/2020
  • Finance
We are seeing more inquiries about hospital liens lately. With the rise in medical costs, it’s no surprise that the healthcare industry is looking for ways to collect on some substantial bills. With the COVID-19 pandemic delaying ...
READ MORE

Federal Tax Liens Explained

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 05/20/2020
  • Mortgage
A federal tax lien can tie up your assets and property, making it difficult to get a loan. In addition, your credit score takes a dive, and bankruptcy won't help you. Tax liens are one tool the IRS and the federal government have in their ...
READ MORE

What Documents Do You Need Before You Foreclose?

During the Great Recession, between 2009 and 2010, the housing market hit its peak foreclosure rate. More than five million homes went into foreclosure, and homebuyers could find homes at more than half off the original price in many areas ...
READ MORE

Why do you need a real property report?

When dealing with real estate, the amount of information needed to make an informed decision abounds. One of the reports you need to help you determine the value of your potential property investment is a property report. Property reports ...
READ MORE

Use CourthouseDirect.com Data Services to Find Mortgage Marketing Leads

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 04/29/2020
  • Mortgage
Generating mortgage marketing leads can take time, but there is a way you can gather a mailing list to get a quick start. CourthouseDirect.com provides an array of data services that can help you pinpoint individuals who may be in the ...
READ MORE

Using CourthouseDirect.com’s Tax Maps, Tax Records, and Recorded Plats

Three tools available at CourthouseDirect.com are the Tax Map, Tax Record, and the Recorded Plat databases. Accessible from the GIS Map search application, each of these databases is chock full of data and information useful to anyone ...
READ MORE

How to Use CourthouseDirect.com for Remote Work

The COVID-19 pandemic has turned much of the working world upside down. While a lot of work has migrated online in the past couple of decades, never have more companies needed online access to information at one time. CourthouseDirect.com ...
READ MORE

How to Search for an Involuntary Lien

For a real estate investor, one of the first steps in performing due diligence is to ensure the property of your choice has no involuntary liens against it. Sellers should let buyers know of any cloud on the title, but not everyone is ...
READ MORE

Net Royalty Acres vs. Net Mineral Acres – What You Need to Know

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 03/25/2020
  • Finance
Land is all about the acres. Land with exploitable minerals such as oil and gas is about a bit more. When mineral interests are involved, you may wonder if you’ve wandered into the weeds (so to speak) when you start hearing the terms net ...
READ MORE

How to Use the Lease Alert Feature on CourthouseDirect

CourthouseDirect.com has a nifty tool called the Lease Alert, and it was developed by oil and gas landmen. Lease Alert helps you keep tabs on any oil and gas leasing activity in any Texas county. All you have to do is sign up. Lease Alert ...
READ MORE

What Are Real Property Documents and Why Do You Need Them?

Documentation makes the world go ‘round. Owners, sellers, and buyers all need access to the essential information contained in real property documents for decision making, due diligence, and peace of mind. Real property documents are ...
READ MORE

Everything You Need to Know About Asset Searches

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 03/04/2020
  • Legal
An asset search is a formal name for "follow the money." Assets are anything, tangible or intangible, that can be converted into cash, or that has a cash value. Not all assets are of public record, however. Many are covered by privacy laws ...
READ MORE

How to Perform a Lease Check

The first step in the process of bringing a tract of land from prospect to oil sales is the lease check. A lease check is a quick way of ensuring there are no obstacles to signing a lease on a tract, including problems with title and the ...
READ MORE

How to Find Home Deeds in Texas - Easily

The availability of online databases and services certainly can streamline your house deed search. However, there is more to it than logging on and plugging in a few words. You need to know what you are looking at, and what to do if the ...
READ MORE

CourthouseDirect.com Voted a Houston Top Workplace for the 7th Year in a Row

This is the eighth time and the seventh consecutive year that CourthouseDirect.com has been named a Top Workplace by the Houston Chronicle.
READ MORE

What Does an Oil and Gas Attorney Do?

As the name implies, an oil and gas attorney specializes in the law as it pertains to the industry. Even so, it includes a wide range of legal topics, including property law, mineral rights, contract law, and environmental law. The gas and ...
READ MORE

How to Find a Deed Online

Searching deeds online is a far sight better than traipsing from courthouse to courthouse looking up information on multiple parcels of land. However, there are still ways you can simplify your online search, and make the search tools work ...
READ MORE

How CourthouseDirect.com Provides Value to Oil and Gas Professionals

CourthouseDirect.com is the premier resource for the oil and gas industry in Texas. Our website provides easy online document searches for real property records, grantor/grantee indexes, liens, and other documentation. We continue to build ...
READ MORE

Division Orders: Protection from Double Liability

For operators and mineral rights owners, oil and gas leases are complicated at best. Adding to the Gordian knot of contractual obligations and regulations is a document called a division order. If not handled correctly, a division order ...
READ MORE

Why are Land Surveys Important?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 12/11/2019
  • Surveying
Why are land surveys important? Because you can’t buy or develop land properly without one. Going in without a land survey is flying blind. You have no way of knowing what obstacles you may face or even the exact perimeter of your property.
READ MORE

Unpacking the Drill Site Runsheet

When it comes time to drill the well, the oil and gas company must be absolutely sure that it has every right to do so. There should be no surprise owners. There should be nobody waiting in the wings to grab part of the production that ...
READ MORE

What Is a Production Sharing Agreement?

Of all the legal contracts in the oil and gas industry, one of the most significant is the production sharing agreement. It’s used as an instrument by all parties to realize a quick return on their investments and increase revenue as much ...
READ MORE

How to Sell Your Property When You've Leased the Mineral Rights

You have a piece of land that has been pretty good to you. Maybe it was good pastureland or grew terrific crops. Plus, it came with a bonus - you got a lucrative mineral lease from an oil or gas company that developed a productive well. ...
READ MORE

The Difference Between Pooling and Unitization

While pooling and unitization are often used interchangeably, they are not the same thing. Oil and gas operators (lessees) look for the most cost-effective way to get the most mineral out of the ground. Mineral owners (lessors) look for ...
READ MORE

How to Become an Abstractor

In the world of real property, an abstractor is someone who compiles data about specific tracts of land (real property) to determine ownership. The reason the job is called abstracting is that you not only bring together and analyze ...
READ MORE

What is Leasehold Interest?

The array of ownership and leasing agreements surrounding mineral interests can be a bit dazzling. There are so many ways mineral interests can be bought, leased, shared, and otherwise contracted, it can cause confusion even among ...
READ MORE

2019 Women Surveyors Summit Q&A

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 10/16/2019
  • Surveying
The Texas Society of Professional Surveyors held a Women Surveyors Summit in Austin, TX this past August 23rd and 24th. Women from across the country were invited to attend.
READ MORE

Product Updates: Hydrogen Release Notes

At CourthouseDirect.com, we're always updating our products and services to give our customers our best and access to the best. Read below for our most recent product updates for the Hydrogen Release. What's New CHD users can now request ...
READ MORE

What Are Your Career Options in the Surveying Field?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 10/02/2019
  • Surveying
As long as there are property owners, there will be a need for surveyors. The practice of surveying goes back centuries and was a vocation for several of the founders of the country. While there isn’t much exploring going on anymore as in ...
READ MORE

Summer NAPE 2019: Paul Cones Interviewed on Podcast

Summer NAPE 2019 last month was a success! We ran into a number of familiar faces, met a lot of new ones, and even gave away an autographed Alex Bregman jersey to a lucky winner! Every year, we look forward to attending NAPE conferences in ...
READ MORE

What is Acquiescence to a Boundary Line?

Robert Frost wrote, “Good fences make good neighbors." Hopefully, that means if the poet next door placed the fence two inches onto Mr. Frost's property, the neighbor took possession by acquiescence. Otherwise, a legal dispute would have ...
READ MORE

What Is the Mineral Interests Pooling Act of Texas?

In states with mineral interests, the idea of forced pooling continues to be controversial. Individuals and groups in Ohio, Colorado, and Pennsylvania have gone to court to fight forced mineral pooling of their mineral interests.
READ MORE

What is a Title Report?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 09/04/2019
  • Mortgage
If you are purchasing property, one of the documents you should obtain or receive is a title report. A preliminary title report is often provided after you and the seller have reached an agreement but before you close.
READ MORE

Why Do You Need a Land Survey?

A land survey is a vital component of land sales and development. Anytime you need to know the boundary lines of a piece of property or the type of features it has, a land survey can provide that information.
READ MORE

Landowner Rights in Conflict – The Issue of Forced Pooling

Forced pooling has been a hot courtroom issue of late in oil and gas producing regions. At issue is the balance between efficient retrieval of minerals and individual property rights. Since pooling is governed at the state level, there are ...
READ MORE

Your Guide to a Successful Summer NAPE (2019)

The CourthouseDirect.com team will be a the North American Prospect Expo (NAPE) August 21 - 22, 2019 in Houston, TX, at the George R. Brown Convention Center.
READ MORE

What Challenges Do Landmen Face on the Job?

Landmen in the oil and gas industry are those individuals who work as title abstractors, as well as in land acquisition and asset management, and research. In short, a landman is a researcher and negotiator. They analyze tremendous amounts ...
READ MORE

The Electronic Courthouse

Online access to real property records and courthouse documents is enabling right of way agents, appraisers, surveyors, and other real estate professionals to be more productive by giving them immediate real-time access to public records. ...
READ MORE

The Red Flag of Lis Pendens – What You Need to Know

The term lis pendens literally means “a suit pending,” and is often abbreviated as lis pend. If you see this term connected with a piece of property, whether yours or one you are thinking about buying, it means legal action has been filed ...
READ MORE

What Are the Different Types of Land Surveys?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 07/24/2019
  • Surveying
Land surveying has been around as long as the idea of land ownership. Longer if you want to include the boundaries set by tribes of ancient humans. By now, the industry has it down to a science, and several types of surveys have been ...
READ MORE

Private Investigators: Here Are Some Tips on Using Public Records in Your Work

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 07/17/2019
  • Legal
Public records are the low-hanging fruit that no private investigator (PI) should pass up. A variety of documents is included under this umbrella, many of which can add preliminary data to your surveillance or round out a report.
READ MORE

What You Need to Know about Abstract of Title

The term Abstract of Title seems to cause confusion for many people, even those in property-based industries like real estate and minerals. Most people run across the term when purchasing a home, which is a rare even in someone’s lifetime ...
READ MORE

A Visual Evolution of the American Landman

A landman is the connection between oil exploration and development companies and owners of mineral-rich land. Landmen make it possible for each to profit and prosper from the oil and gas underground.
READ MORE

Current Workforce Trends in the Texas Oil and Gas Industry

Oil and gas exploration and production have been a Texas tradition since the Lucas #1 blew at Spindletop in 1901, forever moving Texas from its rural and agricultural roots into the industrial age. Ever since, Big Oil has made an impact on ...
READ MORE

Everything You Need to Know About the Rule of Capture

In America, property is all. The ability to own property set Americans apart from the British landowning aristocracy that allowed peasants to stay on “their” property by working the fields or pastures and passing along the fruits of their ...
READ MORE

The Difference Between Title Search, Title Reports, and Title Insurance

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 06/05/2019
  • Title
When you deal with property, you deal with the title, that oh, so important document proving ownership rights to a piece of land. Like the title to a car, it should contain all the pertinent information about that parcel. But how do you ...
READ MORE

The Impact of Co-tenancy Law in Oil and Gas Country

Mineral rights can be splintered into ever-smaller percentages, complicating life for lessors, lessees, and royalty owners. To make things more interesting, the laws of co-tenancy differ between states, and there have been several highly ...
READ MORE

What Is Equitable Title and When Would I Need It?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 05/22/2019
  • Legal
Property law can become quite convoluted in countries with sophisticated land laws. Equitable title is a concept that occurs in such an environment. Unlike legal title, equitable title carries fewer rights to a piece of land and the entity ...
READ MORE

Professional Surveying Events in 2019-2020

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 05/15/2019
  • Surveying
Surveying is one of the world’s oldest professions, and it has a rich history in the United States. Three American Presidents (Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln) were land surveyors in their lifetimes, as were Benjamin Banneker, Daniel ...
READ MORE

A Guide to Oil and Gas Lease Ratification

Oil and gas leases are complicated at best, and they can become more so over time. During a lease period, you may be asked to ratify a lease due to a change of some sort. What does that mean, exactly? That’s what we’re here to talk about ...
READ MORE

Mysteries in the Title Plant: Lis Pendens, Chattel Mortgages, and Pooling Agreements

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 05/01/2019
  • Legal
You may have heard of a “title plant,” or maybe you call it an abstract plant. If you perform title searches on a regular basis, you probably have an idea what it is. But since they are full of legal documents, there can be an air of ...
READ MORE

AAPL Form 610-2015 Model Joint Operating Agreement – What You Should Know

The AAPL Form 610-2015 Model Form Joint Operating Agreement was released in response to technological and legal changes that have occurred since the form’s last update in 1989. It could take until 2020 for full adoption of the 2015 version ...
READ MORE

How Do Liens Affect Real Estate Sales?

How is a real estate sale affected by a lien on the property? Certain types of liens may have an impact when you sell or when you buy. A thorough title search can uncover any clouds on a title, including various types of liens that have ...
READ MORE

What Are the Most Common Types of Real Estate Encumbrances?

In real estate terms, an encumbrance is a claim on property by an entity other than the title-holder. Encumbrances are obstacles to the use and sale of property by the title-holder and can be considered a cloud on a title.
READ MORE

What Texas Public Records Can You Find Online?

A plethora of Texas public records is available online from vital statistics to criminal records. Most are open to view, while other records have certain restrictions placed upon them. State law governs their accessibility; even though a ...
READ MORE

What is an Abstract of Judgment and How Can You Find One Online?

One obstacle to a clean title is an Abstract of Judgment, which is a method of placing a lien on real property to pay a legal judgment. If an individual in a lawsuit receives a financial responsibility, any real property is used as ...
READ MORE

What is the Pugh Clause and How Does it Affect Oil Leases?

If you aren’t careful, a Pugh Clause may be a tripwire for the unaware in an oil or gas lease contract. The Pugh Clause is named for a Louisiana attorney, Lawrence Pugh, who took on Shell Oil in 1947 on behalf of a lessor.
READ MORE

How to Find Marriage Certificates Online or at the Courthouse

Searching marriage certificates is easier than ever with the introduction of online databases containing courthouse records. However, you may need to visit the courthouse yourself if you cannot find the records online. Not all records have ...
READ MORE

What are Easements and Rights of Way?

It’s a rare piece of property that has no need to allow encroachment of any kind. In most municipalities and counties as well as at the state and federal level, parts of most land parcels must be given over to use by someone other than the ...
READ MORE

Negotiating Oil and Gas Leases: How to Make the Deal

Negotiating oil and gas leases is like many other negotiation activities. Most landowners don't work with oil and gas leases very often while landmen are highly knowledgeable. However, this is a contract negotiation, and both sides must ...
READ MORE

The Duhig Rule: Mineral Rights & Warranty Deeds

One of the more convoluted concepts in mineral rights and warranty deeds is the Duhig Rule. Named for the court case Duhig v. Peavey-Moore Lumber Company, the Duhig Rule was the outcome of a disagreement caused by one party either ...
READ MORE

Tips for Using CourthouseDirect.com’s GIS Mapping and Reports Tool

From appraisers, real estate professionals, and surveyors to oil and gas landmen, effective and efficient research is the best way to approach projects, proposals, and opportunities.
READ MORE

Oil and Gas Technology: Why Big Data is the Future for Landmen

As the population grows, the courthouses continue to record leases, grants, and deeds. As property changes hands, the title chain grows longer and more complex. Working with multiple records, a yellow pad, and a pencil has become ...
READ MORE

6 Challenges Land Surveyors May Face On the Job

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 01/16/2019
  • Surveying
Every job has its challenges; land surveying is no different. Every day brings different issues to resolve that don’t always respond to quick fixes. However, there are a few challenges that are quite common to the profession, and we would ...
READ MORE

Color-of-Title Act: What you Need to Know about Color-of-Title Adverse Possession

The Color-of-Title Act (which goes by the impressive legal designation 43 CFR 540, Subpart 254) refers to the right of a person, group, or corporation that has “evidence” purporting to have title to public lands administered by the Bureau ...
READ MORE

Property History Public Records: How to Research Historical Land Records

CourthouseDirect.com offers multiple services for enhancing your search for courthouse records throughout the United States. You can use our tools and applications to search the largest repository of historical courthouse information in ...
READ MORE

What Are Joint Operating Agreements in Oil & Gas?

After oil and gas lease agreements, the Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) is the most common contract used in the industry. JOAs are agreements between two or more entities that spell out who is considered the operator for the exploration ...
READ MORE

What Does a Land Surveyor Do?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 12/05/2018
  • Surveying
Land surveyors are much more than people who stand near the road with a tripod and a staff. They are precision measurement makers and can be legal arbiters of where boundary lines fall. A land surveyor has a range of expertise from ...
READ MORE

The History of Mineral Rights

Mineral rights, the right to develop and produce a variety of minerals from the beneath the ground, have gone from belonging to the monarchy to private hands depending on the part of the world under consideration. Mineral rights were ...
READ MORE

Are Marriage and Divorce Records Confidential?

Are marriage and divorce records confidential? It depends. The laws and practices regarding sealed court records can differ from state to state. Divorce records in Texas are always sealed… unless you are a public official. Then they might ...
READ MORE

What is a Landman, Anyway?

A landman works for companies that perform gas and oil exploration and production. A landman researches titles and mineral rights to negotiate with property owners for those mineral rights on behalf of a company wishing to exploit the ...
READ MORE

Evolution of Land Title Acquisition

Nothing has sustained its value since the beginning of civilization like land. Land ownership has long been considered the pinnacle of success. Monarchs owned all the land in their kingdoms. Knights were awarded land for service to the ...
READ MORE

The Digitization of Courthouse Databases

Digitization of all types of records has been going on since computing power improved and device prices dropped. Libraries, repositories, and courthouses, where massive numbers of books, files, documents, images and more have been ...
READ MORE

How GIS Tools Are Changing the Practice of Land Surveying

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 10/24/2018
  • Surveying
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are central repositories for data used for analysis in surveying, planning, construction, and management. Professional land surveyors provide data for the GIS and, in turn, use the data to provide more ...
READ MORE

What is a Plat Map? The Basics You Should Know

When you buy or sell a home or if you decide to dabble in real estate, you may see the term “plat map.”
READ MORE

The Ultimate Guide to Power of Attorney for Buying or Selling Property

The majority of property transactions are performed with the consent and knowledge of the legal buyers and sellers of the property. However, there are circumstances in which the legal right to make the transaction must be shifted to ...
READ MORE

What Does your Mortgage Payment Really Include?

Have you ever stopped to look at your mortgage statement? You may notice there are several different numbers aside from the total you pay each month. While paying a single monthly amount seems reasonable, you would be better served by ...
READ MORE

The Many Benefits of Using CourthouseDirect.com for Land Surveyors

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 09/26/2018
  • Surveying
As a professional surveyor, you understand the importance of the precise land measurements that determine property boundaries. Your work provides relevant data to engineers, mapmakers, architects, and construction project managers. The ...
READ MORE

What Does a Field Right-of-Way Agent Do?

A field right-of-way agent is a land professional with legal expertise regarding property rights. Third parties, both private and governmental, engage field right-of-way agents to assist with land acquisition and the legal aspects of a ...
READ MORE

Land Patent FAQ, Part 2: How to File a Land Patent

A land patent is the only form of proof of absolute title to land in the United States. It protects the landowner from claimants of co-ownership as well as the United States government.
READ MORE

What's the Difference Between Mineral Deeds and Royalty Deeds?

If a landowner wishes to benefit financially from minerals lying below the surface, the owner can split or sever the property into two separate interests — the surface and the mineral-rich portion beneath it. The surface estate can then be ...
READ MORE

How to Identify a Grantor and Grantee in a Legal Document

Contracts specify the terms of the relationship between two or more parties, typically regarding a transaction. One example is the transaction of services for pay between an employee and an employer. In financial transactions, the contract ...
READ MORE

Your Guide to a Successful Summer NAPE

The North American Prospect Expo (NAPE) is celebrating its 25th anniversary and CourthouseDirect.com is going to be there. This year, Summer NAPE 2018 is August 15 - 16 in Houston, TX, at the George R. Brown Convention Center.
READ MORE

What You Need to Know about Easement Deeds

You may be familiar with easements granted to cities and utility providers. These are pieces of your deeded property that remain available to municipalities and utilities to run lines overhead or pipes and cables below ground.
READ MORE

Is There a Federal Tax on Mineral Rights?

Owning land with valuable natural resources beneath the surface comes with the opportunity for an income stream from leasing or selling the mineral rights. The Boston Tea Party notwithstanding, federal taxes on income of any kind has ...
READ MORE

Tax Lien Sales: Can You Buy Tax Lien Properties to Save Big?

Every day, banks around the nation foreclose on hundreds of homes. Foreclosure means the bank takes possession of a property after the mortgager fails to make payments – including payments on homeowner taxes. The government (state or ...
READ MORE

What Is a Title Plant?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 07/03/2018
  • Title
A title plant, also known as an abstract plant, is a database records, indexed geographically. They are records that track and show all instruments connected to a tract of land, going back at least 25 years. Title plants are what companies ...
READ MORE

How Long are Property Appraisals Valid?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 06/20/2018
  • Mortgage
Property appraisals may not have expiration dates, but, typically, lenders tend to reject appraisals that are more than 120 days old. In other cases, the expiration date may be within 60 to 90 days. Some lenders will allow up to 180 days ...
READ MORE

What is Property Tax Proration?

When people buy and sell real estate, buyers and sellers must pay several costs before transferring the property to a new owner, called closing costs. Within these closing costs, buyers and sellers need to negotiate the proration. There ...
READ MORE

Your Guide to Mineral Rights in New Mexico

Grasping at least the basics of mineral rights in the state of New Mexico is necessary for both property owners and businesses in the oil and gas industry. Since the first successful gas well in New Mexico in 1921, several major companies ...
READ MORE

What is a Boundary Survey and When Would You Need One?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 05/30/2018
  • Legal
A basic part of owning property is knowing where the boundaries are. Without clear boundaries, arguments will arise, whether it is private property, commercial property, or land for drilling and mining. When there are conflicting views ...
READ MORE

Everything You Need to Know About Proof of Ownership

To own a property, you need specific real property documents to support your rights to the property. Real property includes any structures on the land, any person’s rights and interests related to the property, and natural parts of the ...
READ MORE

6 Tips for Landmen Finding Public Records Online

When trying to figure out information about potential land, online resources are great. They are easier and more convenient than physical documents. Landmen who are looking to secure land for drilling need to certify various things before ...
READ MORE

The Ultimate Mortgage Application Checklist

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 05/09/2018
  • Mortgage
Buying a home is a significant moment in anyone’s life. For most people, it is a financially straining purchase. Most people need to apply for a mortgage loan. Follow these steps to successfully apply for a mortgage loan for your home.
READ MORE

Option Fees Vs. Earnest Money: What’s the Difference?

The real estate market can be confusing to both buyers and sellers alike. During the pre-closing routine, realtors may send several documents to both parties. One of these documents deals with option fees and earnest money. Since real ...
READ MORE

When Should You Hire a Real Estate Attorney?

There are many different circumstances in which hiring a real estate attorney is advisable. A handful of states require the presence of a real estate attorney during closings. In states where a lawyer is not required, there are ...
READ MORE

Fair Market Value vs. Adjusted Basis Value: What’s the Difference?

The fair market value and the adjusted base value are calculations used at different times to determine an asset’s worth. Fair market value is a general calculation to determine the value of an asset if it were to be sold. People use this ...
READ MORE

Surface Rights vs. Mineral Rights in Oil and Gas

If you are considering buying a property or are currently a landowner, it’s important to understand your legal ownership level. Some sales include surface rights only, while others include surface and mineral rights to the land. Often, ...
READ MORE

Do Tax Liens Affect Your Credit Score?

It’s that time of the year again – tax season. If you were unable to pay taxes you owe in past years, you might run into trouble when you file this year. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) might inflict penalties, late fees, and interest ...
READ MORE

How to Read a Plat Map

A plat map shows a piece of land, drawn to scale, with details such as nearby properties, boundaries, land size, flood zones, the surrounding neighborhood, easements, and monuments. When you purchase a home, one of the documents you ...
READ MORE

Real Estate Appraisal vs. Home Inspection: What is the Difference?

As someone involved in a real estate transaction, you might come across two types of services prior to the sale of a home: real estate appraisal and home inspection. Although an appraiser and a home inspector may appear to be looking at ...
READ MORE

Judgment Liens on Property in Texas

A judgment lien is a court-ordered arrangement in which the creditor (the person who won the judgment) can place a lien on the debtor’s (the person who owes the money) property to ensure that he or she gets what the debtor owes. A judgment ...
READ MORE

How to Calculate an Oil and Gas Royalty

Oil and gas royalties are some of the most important parts of the leases between production companies and landowners. Royalties refer to landowners’ shares of the gross production of oil and gas, typically free from production costs. Oil ...
READ MORE

How Does Right of Survivorship Work?

If you jointly own a piece of property with one or more parties, you need to know about the legal right of survivorship. Nobody likes to think about what happens if one of the joint owners passes away, but it’s always better to be prepared ...
READ MORE

What's the Difference Between Quitclaim and Warranty Deeds?

Knowing about deeds is your right and responsibility as a property owner. A deed can completely change the ownership of a piece of land. It can pass property from your hands to those of a new buyer, or from your parents to you. There are ...
READ MORE

The History of Land Surveying

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 02/07/2018
  • Surveying
Land surveying is an all-important aspect of real estate, property development, and landownership. It is the process or determining the terrestrial position of points on a property, as well as the distances/angles between them. Land ...
READ MORE

How to Appeal a Property Tax Assessment

Property taxes are enormous expenses for homeowners. Every year, along with mortgage payments, homeowners write checks for thousands of dollars based on their property tax assessments. What you might not know is that the government likely ...
READ MORE

An Overview of Oil and Gas Title Process

When oil and gas companies want to explore land for possible mineral deposits, they must come to an agreement with whoever owns the land before they can start. In America, land ownership and anything affecting the title depends on two ...
READ MORE

How to Transfer a Land Title Deed

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 01/17/2018
  • Legal
Buyers about to purchase their first home, experienced real estate professionals, and property owners selling tracts that have been in the family for generations, all have an interest in understanding the transfer of land titles. ...
READ MORE

How to Handle Inherited Mineral Rights

When individuals inherit property, along with that property comes rights to anything in the ground. In many parts of the globe, whatever is in the soil belongs to the government, but in the United States, oil, gas and precious materials ...
READ MORE

General vs. Special Warranty Deed: Avoid Unpleasant Surprises

Real estate professionals know that there are several commonly accepted means for a property to be transferred between buyers and sellers. Different methods of transfer are used in superficially similar situations depending on the nature ...
READ MORE

Grantors, Guarantors, & Trustees: What You Need to Know

Legal and financial documents often use terms that are vaguely familiar or used in other contexts to mean something very different from their meaning in the document you are reviewing. If you are in a position to analyze a legal financial ...
READ MORE

The Complete Guide to Affidavits of Heirship

When a person dies without leaving a will, an affidavit of heirship may be needed to establish facts about the deceased person’s heirs and the transfer of property. While laws regarding an affidavit of heirship vary from state to state, ...
READ MORE

Tips for Conducting a Mineral Rights Search

Searching for mineral rights can be a challenging task, but a property owner successfully searching out the details of who owns the mineral rights to his or her land can be a rewarding experience, full of interesting turns. This guide will ...
READ MORE

What Is an Involuntary Lien?

When it’s involuntary, the term “lien” is not a good thing in real estate. A lien is the right of one party to take and keep possession of a property that belongs to someone else until the owner repays a debt. A property lien is a legal ...
READ MORE

What’s the Difference Between Legal Title and Equitable Title?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 11/22/2017
  • Legal
The way you purchase a property can have long-lasting impacts on your ownership of said property. It is important to completely understand the titles involved in the purchase or insurance of your home to protect your rights as the ...
READ MORE

The Ultimate Due Diligence Checklist for Your Real Estate Property

Due diligence in real estate refers to the buyer’s responsibility of researching the property and being thorough in making the decision to complete the purchase. Buying a house is a major decision. It’s often the costliest investment of a ...
READ MORE

What Is a Conveyance Deed?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 11/08/2017
  • Legal
Buying and selling real estate deals with several different property deeds, or legal documents that represent the ownership of a property. There are many types of property deeds you may encounter in real estate transactions. One such type ...
READ MORE

FREE WEBINAR: 5 Ways FileViewer Takes Your Research to the Next Level

Landman? Title Researcher? Join our latest webinar and learn to how you can take your reasearch to new heights by utilizing our (Historical) FileViewer. Join President, Paul Cones, for a brief one hour webinar Thursday, November 16th @ ...
READ MORE

The Most Common Types of Mortgages

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 11/01/2017
  • Mortgage
Most people do not have the means to purchase a home outright in one lump sum. Instead, financing options allow homebuyers to pay for a house in increments over time. If you want to buy a home but need financing for this major investment, ...
READ MORE

The Most Common Issues Mortgage Underwriters Face

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 10/25/2017
  • Mortgage
Lenders will never approve a mortgage without first conducting their own due diligence in the form of underwriting. A mortgage underwriter reviews, confirms, and analyzes loan applications to minimize the risk associated with the loan. ...
READ MORE

How to Become a Real Estate Appraiser

Real estate appraisers create trusted valuations that lenders, tax assessors, government agencies, businesses, and individuals can use to make transactional decisions. Appraisers are highly trained and certified professionals who ...
READ MORE

14 Helpful Resources for Private Investigators

Private investigators are no strangers to research. Many spend a significant amount of time querying databases, compiling data, and creating reports for their clients. In today’s digitally fueled world, investigators can tap into many free ...
READ MORE

Mortgage vs. Home Equity Loan: Understanding the Differences

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 09/27/2017
  • Mortgage
Home ownership opens the doors to two different types of loans that non-home owners cannot access – mortgage loans and home equity loans. While these two loan agreements feature many similarities, they are very different. Home owners must ...
READ MORE

How to Become a Landman in the Oil and Gas Industry

If you’re wondering how to become a landman in the oil and gas industry, you may hear many stories from industry veterans. Historically, landmen have come from a variety of backgrounds. Today, professional landmen often pursue a degree in ...
READ MORE

7 Important Things You Should Know About Land Titles

Laws governing land ownership are complex. Understanding land ownership rights and processes can help any prospective land owner avoid the risk of an improper sale, scam, or undisclosed property issue. Before you transfer property rights ...
READ MORE

10 Apps Every Realtor Should be Using

Technological advancements have completely transformed the real estate industry. Realtors no longer have to depend on the Yellow Pages and local listings in the paper to do their jobs. They can use the vast digital landscape available to ...
READ MORE

How Does a Quitclaim Deed Affect Your Mortgage?

A quitclaim deed is a document that transfers legal ownership and interest of a property from one person (the grantor) to another (the grantee). Unlike a warranty deed, a quitclaim deed does not offer assurances that the land in question ...
READ MORE

The Types of Easements That Could Affect Your Property

An easement is a property interest that gives someone the legal right to use or own parts of the property owner’s land. The person does not legally own or possess the land, but has the right to use it through an agreement with the owner. ...
READ MORE

ALTA Land Survey: Understanding How and When to Use the The ALTA/ACSM Process

A land survey is an important process for property owners, real estate buyers, landscapers, and developers. Land surveys reveal vital information about a piece of real property, such as its boundaries, physical features, potential ...
READ MORE

How to Get a Warranty Deed and Transfer Property Rights

A warranty deed is a legal document that people use to transfer property. A warranty deed states that a property owner has sole claim to the property – in other words, that no other entity has a lien on the piece of land or home.
READ MORE

Property Deeds: What You Need to Know

Purchasing real estate can be a very stressful time. Your agent or other advisers may be using terms you are unfamiliar with, especially if it is your first time purchasing property. A lot of first-time buyers think property deeds and ...
READ MORE

FREE WEBINAR: Search V2 Title Plant Introduction

CourthouseDirect.com is always looking to expand and enhance the scope of online document research. That's why, we are thrilled to announce our new Search V2 Title Plant tool. Nothing is more valuable to researchers that a tool that can ...
READ MORE

Everything You Need to Know About Title Opinions

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 07/12/2017
  • Title
It is always in the best interest of a future landowner to understand their ownership status over their holdings. One of the best ways to determine the status of your land or holdings is to receive a professional opinion about the title or ...
READ MORE

The Different Types of Deeds

A deed is a legal document that lays out the different aspects of a property and is used when transferring the ownership of a property from one person to another. There are many different types of deeds that have different purposes. Here ...
READ MORE

Everything You Need to Know About Texas Land Records

Texas land records are very historic. The history of the land records offers an interesting look at their origin and destination. The records can vary from country to county and can be found in a variety of quantities. Some records have ...
READ MORE

Fun Facts About the Harris County Courthouse

The Harris County Courthouse has history dating back to 1836. During this year, brothers Augustus C. and John K. Allen founded the city of Houston. When they founded the city, a county seat moved east from Houston to Harrisburg. In 1839 ...
READ MORE

WEBINAR: 5 Tips to Maximizing Your CourthouseDirect.com Searches

At CourthouseDirect.com, we understand the importance of quick and easy access to public records.
READ MORE

What is the Difference between Easement and Right-of-Way?

Do you know if your deed includes an easement or right-of-way? If so, it can limit the ability for you to conduct work on the land owned by a private party. Rights-of-way and easements are both examples of property rights, and can allow ...
READ MORE

Find the Assessed Value of a Home

As a real estate appraiser, it is your job to develop and report your professional opinion of the value of a piece of property. To do so, you need to get your hands on various data about the property in question. To assess a home’s value, ...
READ MORE

How Do I Get a Copy of a Quitclaim Deed?

A quitclaim deed transfers interest in real property from one entity (the grantor) to another (the grantee). Unlike most property deeds, quitclaim deeds do not contain a title covenant – thus they offer the grantee no guarantee as to the ...
READ MORE

What are the Features of a Title Plant?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 05/10/2017
  • Title
Also known as an abstract plant, a title plant is a compilation of all instruments of record that may impact the title of real property. Title plants extend back 25 years or more, and include images or indices (the plural of index) of all ...
READ MORE

Do You Know What your Property Plat Means?

If you’ve recently purchased or acquired a tract of land and plan on dividing it, adding to it, or otherwise developing it, you will come across the phrase “property plat.” A “plat” is a plan or a map of a plot of land, especially used in ...
READ MORE

Performing an Online Title Search

If you’re considering purchasing a piece of property or real estate, the “clarity” of the title is a crucial factor. A clear title means the ownership of the property is unquestionable or very clearly defined. Unclear title means there ...
READ MORE

Everything You Need to Know About Grantor/Grantee Indexes

One of the most important concepts in property ownership is the relationship between grantors and grantees. Simply put, grantors give something while grantees receive something. It is essential to understand how property ownership and ...
READ MORE

Using Public Records to Find Lien Information

Before investing in any kind of real estate, it is imperative to conduct thorough research into the property you intend to purchase. Luckily, most of the information you’ll need is accessible for free or at minimal cost if you know where ...
READ MORE

What Is Right of Survivorship and Why is it Important?

It’s important to have a firm grasp on the concept of the right of survivorship, especially if your family owns a great deal of property. Simply put, the right of survivorship is the concept referring to a person’s legal right to assume ...
READ MORE

The Importance of Historical Data

When most people think of historical data, they think of old documents, such as property deeds, or historical documents they studied in school. These types of historical data are vital, but don’t represent the entirety of what you should ...
READ MORE

Oil and Gas Disaster Planning: the Roadmap to Success

Oil and gas companies have a social responsibility to keep their facilities safe, protecting the surrounding infrastructure and community. The volatile nature of the job makes the threat of disaster ever-present. Risk factors for disaster ...
READ MORE

How Can Title Companies Protect Their Data?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 03/15/2017
  • Title
Data protection is a huge concern in the workforce, especially for title companies. Frequent reports of hacking, viruses, and other data breaches have title agents and their clients on edge, worrying whether their highly personal documents ...
READ MORE

How Can the Title Industry Use CourthouseDirect.com?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 03/01/2017
  • Title
The title industry is important not only to title agents, but real estate agents, home and business owners, and many others in the real-estate, insurance, and banking industries. A lack of valid property documents can leave you and your ...
READ MORE

What is an ALTA/NSPS Land Title Survey?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 02/15/2017
  • Surveying
As a professional lender or title company, you may encounter ALTA (American Land Title Association) surveys. Entities use ALTA surveys to gather information required to issue property titles or mortgage insurance. Since an ALTA/NSPS land ...
READ MORE

What Public Records do Right-of-Way Agents Need?

Right-of-way (ROW) agents work with many industries that need to secure the property rights to a tract of land. Oil and gas companies, government agencies, inspectors, construction crews, and businesses use ROW agents to find the rightful ...
READ MORE

Using CourthouseDirect.com's Search-by-Address Feature

Online public records searches have helped professionals and individuals across a variety of industries, considerably cutting down the time and effort it takes to search for and obtain a specific document. CourthouseDirect.com has been at ...
READ MORE

Four Tips for a Better Property Search

Regardless of whether you’re looking for a property for personal or commercial use, the property search is typically a stressful, time-consuming, and overall draining ordeal. Finding the right property can take much longer than you might ...
READ MORE

What Do You Need Before a Boundary Survey?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 01/18/2017
  • Surveying
A boundary survey is a method for ascertaining the exact limits of a piece of property. Most homeowners probably have a general idea where their property lines are, but it’s vital to determine where these lines lie accurately before doing ...
READ MORE

The Types of Real Property Documents Found on CourthouseDirect.com

CourthouseDirect.com is an established and reliable source for all manner of courthouse documents. This enables those who need such documents to secure and file them properly, reducing stressors such as time restrictions and hunting down ...
READ MORE

Three Things You Need to Know About Equitable Title

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 01/04/2017
  • Title
Equitable title and legal title are often conflated, erroneously. This is understandable considering these two concepts cover very closely related things, but equitable title functions differently than legal title and entails certain ...
READ MORE

Can Errors in Public Records Affect You?

State governments are responsible for maintaining public documents such as criminal records, real property documents, voter registrations, and deeds. Unfortunately, those in charge of these important records are only human. Mistakes are ...
READ MORE

Reasons to Perform a House Title Search

If you don’t conduct a house title search on a property, you’ll be in the dark about its past, present, and future. A homeowner may have assured you there aren’t any liens against the property, but you may perform a public records search ...
READ MORE

3 Benefits of Searching for Public Records Online

In a country of convenience, it’s no surprise that more people are performing daily tasks online instead of in person. As the Internet grows to encompass nearly every aspect of life, people can shop, renew their driver’s licenses, or ...
READ MORE

4 Ways Probate Lawyers Can Use Public Records

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 12/07/2016
  • Legal
Probate cases occur when the courts must oversee the distribution of a deceased person’s assets. Many estate plans include probate court to supervise the legal passing of property to heirs or beneficiaries. When the future executor of a ...
READ MORE

Understanding IRS Tax Liens

If you’ve neglected to pay a tax debt, you may face a federal tax lien. Tax liens from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) are legal claims against your property when you do not pay what you owe. There are many reasons you may be unable to ...
READ MORE

Why Should Landmen Get Certified?

As a landman, it’s your professional responsibility to be as knowledgeable about your craft as possible. Landowners rely on you to interpret their mineral deeds, identify legal problems, and develop appropriate solutions. Most property ...
READ MORE

The History of the Railroad Commission of Texas

The Railroad Commission of Texas (RRC) is one of the oldest regulatory agencies in the country and the oldest in Texas. Established in 1891, the RRC has a long and interesting history overseeing the activities of several different ...
READ MORE

What Is a Deed in Lieu?

If you’re a homeowner on the edge of foreclosure, you may have heard the phrase “deed in lieu.” A deed in lieu of foreclosure offers the mortgagor and the mortgagee a variety of benefits over foreclosing a home. Understanding the terms of ...
READ MORE

What Do Surveyors Need to Know About Drone Usage?

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 10/19/2016
  • Surveying
Technological advances affect every industry. From real estate apps to high-definition scanning in the oil and gas industry, the modern world has a solution for almost any problem a worker might encounter. One such innovation is the drone ...
READ MORE

Are Mortgage Records Public?

Public records enable society to stay informed about people, properties, taxes, and other issues. Freedom of Information (FOI) laws give the public access to certain data held by the government. The public has a right to receive ...
READ MORE

Transferring Home Deeds: What You Need to Know

  • CourthouseDirect.com Team
  • 10/07/2016
  • Title
It’s not uncommon to transfer a home deed to a family member to ensure your property goes to the desired relative after your death. Transferring your home deed to a family member is a major decision requiring much thought and careful ...
READ MORE

Property Report Searching Tips

There comes a time in the life of every successful real estate agent, attorney, and land professional that a property report search is necessary. The best professionals use property report searches regularly, staying up to date on the ...
READ MORE

The Benefits of Knowing Current Oil and Gas Lease Information

Oil and gas leases can drastically effect how professionals handle a property. Landmen, for example, need to stay up to date on the latest oil and gas leases of a property to know how long the company has a right on the property. Leases ...
READ MORE

What are Real Property Records?

Real estate is also called real property or immovable property. Real property includes the land itself, plus any property directly attached to the land. Any subset of land that legal human actions have improved is deemed real property. ...
READ MORE

Why Real Estate Agents Need to Understand Adverse Liens

Real estate agents must be aware if properties they are selling are on the market because of adverse liens. Adverse liens on a property often change its resale value, and require the agent to take different steps than with a house with a ...
READ MORE

Getting Started With Genealogy Searches

Learning about your ancestry can help you learn a lot about yourself. Public record searches into your genealogy can reveal your family members’ personal histories, the historical foundations of your family, and your ancestors’ cultures ...
READ MORE

Historic Records Glossary: Terms to Know

While browsing through the public historic records database, you’ll likely encounter a few uncommon terms used in records long ago. To truly understand what you’re reading, you need a basic understanding of these terms and their meanings ...
READ MORE